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Expert knowledge in water treatment
Expert knowledge in water treatment
Would you like to learn more about water treatment? We are happy to provide you with our water treatment glossary.
Activated Carbon
Activated carbon is used in water treatment to effectively remove unwanted substances such as chlorine, organic compounds, and odors from water through adsorption.
Analytics
Analytics in water treatment includes precise methods for monitoring parameters such as pH, conductivity, TOC, and microbial count to ensure compliance with strict limits set by pharmacopoeias and to guarantee optimal water quality.
Anion Exchanger
Anion exchangers are used in water treatment to selectively remove unwanted anions such as chloride or sulfate by exchanging them with hydroxide ions on a specialized resin. This process significantly enhances water purity.
Annex 1
“Annex 1” of the EU-GMP guidelines sets strict requirements for the manufacturing of sterile medicinal products, including cleanroom technology, process control, and microbial monitoring, to ensure the highest quality standards and product safety.
Pharmacopoeia
The pharmacopoeia sets binding standards for the quality, purity, and safety of medicinal products. It serves as a key reference for manufacturers to ensure compliance with international regulations and product safety.
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
Pharmaceutical manufacturing requires precise processes and the highest quality standards, including compliance with GMP guidelines, to ensure safe and effective pharmaceutical products with consistent quality.
Aseptic Processing
Aseptic processing involves specialized techniques to prevent microbial contamination, which are essential in the pharmaceutical industry to ensure sterile conditions and maintain the quality and safety of medicinal products.
Biofilm
Biofilms are accumulations of microorganisms on surfaces that can compromise water purity in water treatment systems. Effective control through regular cleaning and disinfection is essential to prevent contamination.
Chemical Disinfection
Chemical disinfection uses substances such as chlorine or hydrogen peroxide to effectively eliminate microorganisms or inhibit their growth. It plays a crucial role in ensuring hygiene in water treatment systems.
Cleaning-in-Place (CIP)
Cleaning-in-Place (CIP) is an automated process for thoroughly cleaning water treatment systems without the need for disassembly. Through defined cleaning cycles, it effectively removes contaminants and biofilms.
Design Qualification (DQ)
Design Qualification (DQ) ensures that the design and specifications of a water treatment system meet the required quality and safety standards. This is achieved by thoroughly reviewing and documenting technical requirements and potential risks.
Disinfection
Disinfection reduces microorganisms on surfaces or in liquids using chemical, thermal, or UV methods to ensure hygiene and effectively minimize the risk of contamination.
Documentation
Documentation in pharmaceutical water treatment ensures compliance with quality standards and regulatory requirements through protocols, SOPs, and validation records, enabling complete traceability of all processes.
Electrodeionization (EDI)
Electrodeionization (EDI) combines electrolysis and ion exchange to continuously produce high-purity water without the need for chemical regenerants. It is commonly used in pharmaceutical water treatment for injection and infusion solutions.
Endotoxins
Endotoxins, toxic components of Gram-negative bacteria, must be removed through filtration and strict cleaning protocols to ensure the safety and quality of pharmaceutical products.
Softening
Softening removes calcium and magnesium ions through methods such as ion exchange, reducing water hardness, extending the lifespan of systems, and improving water quality for pharmaceutical applications.
Filtration
Filtration selectively removes particles, bacteria, and other impurities from water using technologies such as microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, or reverse osmosis to ensure high purity for pharmaceutical applications.
Fouling
Fouling refers to the accumulation of particles, microorganisms, or minerals on surfaces in water treatment systems, which can reduce efficiency. Regular cleaning and maintenance are required to ensure optimal system performance.
Hazard Prevention
Hazard prevention in pharmaceutical water treatment includes risk assessment, preventive measures, and emergency plans to prevent contamination and ensure both safety and reliable water quality.
GMP
GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) includes mandatory quality standards for pharmaceutical production, covering hygiene, documentation, and quality control to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicinal products. This also includes the requirements outlined in Annex 1 for sterile products.
Limit Values
Limit values define the maximum allowable parameters, such as conductivity, microbial count, or TOC, in pharmaceutical water types like PW and WFI to ensure strict quality and safety standards in compliance with Ph. Eur. regulations.
Hardness
Water hardness refers to the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions, measured in °dH or mg CaCO₃/L. It affects water treatment processes and system performance due to potential scale formation.
Highly Purified Water (HPW)
Highly Purified Water (HPW) is ultra-pure water produced through processes such as reverse osmosis and filtration to remove impurities and meet stringent quality criteria for pharmaceutical applications.
Inactivation
Inactivation eliminates the biological activity of microorganisms in water treatment through chemical, thermal, or physical methods such as UV light or ozone, ensuring water purity for pharmaceutical applications.
Installation Qualification (IQ)
Installation Qualification (IQ) documents that the installation of systems and components in water treatment complies with predefined specifications, providing the foundation for subsequent validation steps such as Operational Qualification (OQ) and Performance Qualification (PQ).
Microbial Count
The microbial count measures the number of viable microorganisms in water and is a crucial parameter in pharmaceutical water treatment. It ensures water purity and helps detect contamination early through microbiological testing.
Concentrate
In water treatment, the concentrate refers to the waste stream containing dissolved salts and impurities, such as those generated during reverse osmosis. Proper handling is required to minimize environmental impact.
Concentrate Treatment
Concentrate treatment processes the concentrate generated during water treatment to recover valuable substances, enable water savings, and minimize the environmental impact of disposal.
Storage and Distribution Systems
A storage and distribution system in water treatment stores purified water in tanks and distributes it via pipes and pumps to consumption points, with monitoring systems ensuring quality and reliability.
Conductivity
Conductivity measures the concentration of dissolved ions in water and is a crucial parameter in pharmaceutical water treatment. It helps monitor water quality and detect potential contamination or system malfunctions early.
Membrane Degassing
Membrane degassing is a process used to remove dissolved gases from liquids using a semi-permeable membrane. The membrane allows gases like oxygen or carbon dioxide to pass through, while the liquid is retained.
Microfiltration
Microfiltration uses membranes with pore sizes ranging from 0.1 to 10 µm to remove particles and microorganisms from water, while dissolved substances can pass through freely. It is a key technology in water treatment.
Microorganism
Microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, are potential contaminants in pharmaceutical water treatment and can affect product quality. Therefore, controlling them is critical for the production of pure water.
Nanofiltration
Nanofiltration uses membranes with pore sizes ranging from 0.001 to 0.01 µm to selectively remove dissolved substances, organic compounds, and smaller ions. It is often used as a pre-treatment before reverse osmosis to improve water quality for pharmaceutical applications.
Operational Qualification (OQ)
Operational Qualification (OQ) tests under real operating conditions to verify whether a water treatment system meets the specified performance requirements. It documents parameters such as flow, temperature, and pressure, serving as the foundation for the final Performance Qualification (PQ).
Ozone
Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent used in water treatment as an effective disinfectant. It rapidly and reliably removes organic substances, microorganisms, and other contaminants through oxidative processes.
Particles
The term “particles” refers to solid or suspended solids present in a liquid flow. These particles can be of organic or inorganic origin and vary in size and shape. The control and removal of these particles is crucial to ensure the purity and quality of treated water. This can be achieved through various filtration and sedimentation processes.
Permeate
Permeate refers to the purified water that passes through the membrane during membrane filtration processes such as reverse osmosis. It is free from particles and unwanted contaminants and serves as the end product for various applications.
Production Qualification (PQ)
Production Qualification (PQ) ensures that the production of pharmaceutical water consistently meets specified quality standards by validating production processes, conducting performance tests, and thoroughly documenting the results.
Purified Water (PW)
Purified Water (PW), according to the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.), is high-purity water with defined limits, such as a conductivity of < 4.3 µS/cm and a microbial count of < 100 CFU/ml. It is used for pharmaceutical applications.
Qualification
Qualification in pharmaceutical water treatment ensures that systems and processes are verified and documented through DQ, IQ, OQ, and PQ to guarantee compliance with quality standards and the reliable production of high-quality water.
Quality Control (QC)
Quality control (QC) in pharmaceutical water treatment ensures that the produced water meets quality standards and is suitable for pharmaceutical applications through sampling, analysis, and monitoring of key parameters.
Purified Water
Purified water is also referred to as Purified Water (PW).
Retentate
Retentate refers to the fraction of liquid that is retained by the membrane during the filtration process. It is the counterpart to permeate. In practice, the terms concentrate and retentate are used synonymously.
Reverse Osmosis
See Umkehrosmose
Reynolds Number
The Reynolds number is a dimensionless quantity used in water treatment to analyze flow behavior in systems such as pipes and pumps. It distinguishes between laminar and turbulent flow, contributing to the optimization of systems.
Ring Main
A ring distribution system is a closed piping system that continuously circulates water, efficiently and evenly supplying various consumption points, such as faucets or machine connections.
Backwashing
Backwashing is a process used to clean filters. During backwashing, water is directed through the filter in the opposite direction to remove contaminants.
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)
SOPs (Standard Operating Procedures) provide precise instructions for operation, maintenance, sampling, and documentation in water treatment to ensure consistent, correct procedures and compliance with quality standards.
Thermal Disinfection
Thermal disinfection eliminates microorganisms through heating and is used in pharmaceutical water treatment, particularly in membrane-based systems, as a reliable method to ensure high hygiene standards.
Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) measures the amount of organic impurities in water. It is a key parameter in pharmaceutical water treatment, ensuring water purity and quality through oxidation and CO2 analysis.
Drinking Water
Drinking water is required as a raw water source for the production of PW and WFI. It is water that is suitable for human consumption and meets the purity, quality, and safety requirements according to the applicable drinking water regulations. Drinking water standards vary by region, so a drinking water analysis is part of every inquiry and system design.
Turbulence
Turbulence refers to a chaotic flow pattern in fluid mechanics, characterized by the Reynolds number. Values above 4000 indicate turbulent flow, which is marked by irregular vortices and mixing processes.
Ultrafiltration
Ultrafiltration is a water filtration process under pressure. Ultrafiltration membranes have pore sizes ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 µm and can retain viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms, as well as proteins and other macromolecules. Ultrafiltration provides an effective and efficient method for purifying and treating water, especially for applications where high purity and quality are required.
Reverse Osmosis
Reverse Osmosis (RO) is a high-pressure filtration process where water is pressed through a membrane with a pore size of 0.0001 µm to remove almost all dissolved substances and contaminants, producing highly pure water.
UV System
A UV system, also known as a UV disinfection system, is a water treatment system that uses ultraviolet (UV) light to kill or inactivate microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and other pathogenic organisms. UV disinfection is an effective method to sanitize water and make it safe for human consumption or other applications.
Validation
Validation is a crucial process that ensures the water treatment system and its associated processes and procedures meet the specified requirements and guarantee the desired quality of the produced water. It is a systematic approach to ensure that the system and processes can be properly designed, installed, operated, and monitored to provide high-quality water for pharmaceutical applications.
Heat Exchanger
A heat exchanger transfers heat from one fluid to another without direct contact and is used to heat or cool liquids. In addition to traditional gas/water or water/water systems, electric heat exchangers are increasingly being used.
Water Treatment
The goal of water treatment is to purify water by removing impurities, pollutants, and microorganisms through processes such as filtration, disinfection, and distillation, in order to meet the required quality standards.
Water Quality
Water quality encompasses chemical, physical, and biological parameters that ensure the water meets the required standards for purity and safety, including the concentration of minerals, pH level, microorganisms, and other contaminants.
WFI (Water for Injection)
WFI (Water for Injection) is ultra-pure water used in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of sterile products such as injection and infusion solutions. It meets strict quality standards and regulatory requirements to ensure safety and purity.
Circulation
Circulation in water treatment systems ensures a continuous flow of the liquid, prevents stagnation, and guarantees uniform mixing. This improves the efficiency of the system and the effectiveness of water treatment.
Activated Carbon
Activated carbon is used in water treatment to effectively remove unwanted substances such as chlorine, organic compounds, and odors from water through adsorption.
Analytics
Analytics in water treatment includes precise methods for monitoring parameters such as pH, conductivity, TOC, and microbial count to ensure compliance with strict limits set by pharmacopoeias and to guarantee optimal water quality.
Anion Exchanger
Anion exchangers are used in water treatment to selectively remove unwanted anions such as chloride or sulfate by exchanging them with hydroxide ions on a specialized resin. This process significantly enhances water purity.
Annex 1
“Annex 1” of the EU-GMP guidelines sets strict requirements for the manufacturing of sterile medicinal products, including cleanroom technology, process control, and microbial monitoring, to ensure the highest quality standards and product safety.
Aseptic Processing
Aseptic processing involves specialized techniques to prevent microbial contamination, which are essential in the pharmaceutical industry to ensure sterile conditions and maintain the quality and safety of medicinal products.
Biofilm
Biofilms are accumulations of microorganisms on surfaces that can compromise water purity in water treatment systems. Effective control through regular cleaning and disinfection is essential to prevent contamination.
Backwashing
Backwashing is a process used to clean filters. During backwashing, water is directed through the filter in the opposite direction to remove contaminants.
Chemical Disinfection
Chemical disinfection uses substances such as chlorine or hydrogen peroxide to effectively eliminate microorganisms or inhibit their growth. It plays a crucial role in ensuring hygiene in water treatment systems.
Cleaning-in-Place (CIP)
Cleaning-in-Place (CIP) is an automated process for thoroughly cleaning water treatment systems without the need for disassembly. Through defined cleaning cycles, it effectively removes contaminants and biofilms.
Circulation
Circulation in water treatment systems ensures a continuous flow of the liquid, prevents stagnation, and guarantees uniform mixing. This improves the efficiency of the system and the effectiveness of water treatment.
Concentrate
In water treatment, the concentrate refers to the waste stream containing dissolved salts and impurities, such as those generated during reverse osmosis. Proper handling is required to minimize environmental impact.
Concentrate Treatment
Concentrate treatment processes the concentrate generated during water treatment to recover valuable substances, enable water savings, and minimize the environmental impact of disposal.
Conductivity
Conductivity measures the concentration of dissolved ions in water and is a crucial parameter in pharmaceutical water treatment. It helps monitor water quality and detect potential contamination or system malfunctions early.
Design Qualification (DQ)
Design Qualification (DQ) ensures that the design and specifications of a water treatment system meet the required quality and safety standards. This is achieved by thoroughly reviewing and documenting technical requirements and potential risks.
Disinfection
Disinfection reduces microorganisms on surfaces or in liquids using chemical, thermal, or UV methods to ensure hygiene and effectively minimize the risk of contamination.
Documentation
Documentation in pharmaceutical water treatment ensures compliance with quality standards and regulatory requirements through protocols, SOPs, and validation records, enabling complete traceability of all processes.
Drinking Water
Drinking water is required as a raw water source for the production of PW and WFI. It is water that is suitable for human consumption and meets the purity, quality, and safety requirements according to the applicable drinking water regulations. Drinking water standards vary by region, so a drinking water analysis is part of every inquiry and system design.
Electrodeionization (EDI)
Electrodeionization (EDI) combines electrolysis and ion exchange to continuously produce high-purity water without the need for chemical regenerants. It is commonly used in pharmaceutical water treatment for injection and infusion solutions.
Endotoxins
Endotoxins, toxic components of Gram-negative bacteria, must be removed through filtration and strict cleaning protocols to ensure the safety and quality of pharmaceutical products.
Filtration
Filtration selectively removes particles, bacteria, and other impurities from water using technologies such as microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, or reverse osmosis to ensure high purity for pharmaceutical applications.
Fouling
Fouling refers to the accumulation of particles, microorganisms, or minerals on surfaces in water treatment systems, which can reduce efficiency. Regular cleaning and maintenance are required to ensure optimal system performance.
GMP
GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) includes mandatory quality standards for pharmaceutical production, covering hygiene, documentation, and quality control to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicinal products. This also includes the requirements outlined in Annex 1 for sterile products.
Hazard Prevention
Hazard prevention in pharmaceutical water treatment includes risk assessment, preventive measures, and emergency plans to prevent contamination and ensure both safety and reliable water quality.
Hardness
Water hardness refers to the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions, measured in °dH or mg CaCO₃/L. It affects water treatment processes and system performance due to potential scale formation.
Highly Purified Water (HPW)
Highly Purified Water (HPW) is ultra-pure water produced through processes such as reverse osmosis and filtration to remove impurities and meet stringent quality criteria for pharmaceutical applications.
Heat Exchanger
A heat exchanger transfers heat from one fluid to another without direct contact and is used to heat or cool liquids. In addition to traditional gas/water or water/water systems, electric heat exchangers are increasingly being used.
Inactivation
Inactivation eliminates the biological activity of microorganisms in water treatment through chemical, thermal, or physical methods such as UV light or ozone, ensuring water purity for pharmaceutical applications.
Installation Qualification (IQ)
Installation Qualification (IQ) documents that the installation of systems and components in water treatment complies with predefined specifications, providing the foundation for subsequent validation steps such as Operational Qualification (OQ) and Performance Qualification (PQ).
Limit Values
Limit values define the maximum allowable parameters, such as conductivity, microbial count, or TOC, in pharmaceutical water types like PW and WFI to ensure strict quality and safety standards in compliance with Ph. Eur. regulations.
Microbial Count
The microbial count measures the number of viable microorganisms in water and is a crucial parameter in pharmaceutical water treatment. It ensures water purity and helps detect contamination early through microbiological testing.
Membrane Degassing
Membrane degassing is a process used to remove dissolved gases from liquids using a semi-permeable membrane. The membrane allows gases like oxygen or carbon dioxide to pass through, while the liquid is retained.
Microfiltration
Microfiltration uses membranes with pore sizes ranging from 0.1 to 10 µm to remove particles and microorganisms from water, while dissolved substances can pass through freely. It is a key technology in water treatment.
Microorganism
Microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, are potential contaminants in pharmaceutical water treatment and can affect product quality. Therefore, controlling them is critical for the production of pure water.
Nanofiltration
Nanofiltration uses membranes with pore sizes ranging from 0.001 to 0.01 µm to selectively remove dissolved substances, organic compounds, and smaller ions. It is often used as a pre-treatment before reverse osmosis to improve water quality for pharmaceutical applications.
Operational Qualification (OQ)
Operational Qualification (OQ) tests under real operating conditions to verify whether a water treatment system meets the specified performance requirements. It documents parameters such as flow, temperature, and pressure, serving as the foundation for the final Performance Qualification (PQ).
Ozone
Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent used in water treatment as an effective disinfectant. It rapidly and reliably removes organic substances, microorganisms, and other contaminants through oxidative processes.
Particles
The term “particles” refers to solid or suspended solids present in a liquid flow. These particles can be of organic or inorganic origin and vary in size and shape. The control and removal of these particles is crucial to ensure the purity and quality of treated water. This can be achieved through various filtration and sedimentation processes.
Permeate
Permeate refers to the purified water that passes through the membrane during membrane filtration processes such as reverse osmosis. It is free from particles and unwanted contaminants and serves as the end product for various applications.
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
Pharmaceutical manufacturing requires precise processes and the highest quality standards, including compliance with GMP guidelines, to ensure safe and effective pharmaceutical products with consistent quality.
Production Qualification (PQ)
Production Qualification (PQ) ensures that the production of pharmaceutical water consistently meets specified quality standards by validating production processes, conducting performance tests, and thoroughly documenting the results.
Purified Water (PW)
Purified Water (PW), according to the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.), is high-purity water with defined limits, such as a conductivity of < 4.3 µS/cm and a microbial count of < 100 CFU/ml. It is used for pharmaceutical applications.
Pharmacopoeia
The pharmacopoeia sets binding standards for the quality, purity, and safety of medicinal products. It serves as a key reference for manufacturers to ensure compliance with international regulations and product safety.
Purified Water
Purified water is also referred to as Purified Water (PW).
Particles
The term “particles” refers to solid or suspended solids present in a liquid flow. These particles can be of organic or inorganic origin and vary in size and shape. The control and removal of these particles is crucial to ensure the purity and quality of treated water. This can be achieved through various filtration and sedimentation processes.
Permeate
Permeate refers to the purified water that passes through the membrane during membrane filtration processes such as reverse osmosis. It is free from particles and unwanted contaminants and serves as the end product for various applications.
Production Qualification (PQ)
Production Qualification (PQ) ensures that the production of pharmaceutical water consistently meets specified quality standards by validating production processes, conducting performance tests, and thoroughly documenting the results.
Purified Water (PW)
Purified Water (PW), according to the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.), is high-purity water with defined limits, such as a conductivity of < 4.3 µS/cm and a microbial count of < 100 CFU/ml. It is used for pharmaceutical applications.
Pharmacopoeia
The pharmacopoeia sets binding standards for the quality, purity, and safety of medicinal products. It serves as a key reference for manufacturers to ensure compliance with international regulations and product safety.
Purified Water
Purified water is also referred to as Purified Water (PW).
Qualification
Qualification in pharmaceutical water treatment ensures that systems and processes are verified and documented through DQ, IQ, OQ, and PQ to guarantee compliance with quality standards and the reliable production of high-quality water.
Quality Control (QC)
Quality control (QC) in pharmaceutical water treatment ensures that the produced water meets quality standards and is suitable for pharmaceutical applications through sampling, analysis, and monitoring of key parameters.
Retentate
Retentate refers to the fraction of liquid that is retained by the membrane during the filtration process. It is the counterpart to permeate. In practice, the terms concentrate and retentate are used synonymously.
Reverse Osmosis
See Umkehrosmose
Reynolds Number
The Reynolds number is a dimensionless quantity used in water treatment to analyze flow behavior in systems such as pipes and pumps. It distinguishes between laminar and turbulent flow, contributing to the optimization of systems.
Ring Main
A ring distribution system is a closed piping system that continuously circulates water, efficiently and evenly supplying various consumption points, such as faucets or machine connections.
Reverse Osmosis
Reverse Osmosis (RO) is a high-pressure filtration process where water is pressed through a membrane with a pore size of 0.0001 µm to remove almost all dissolved substances and contaminants, producing highly pure water.
Softening
Softening removes calcium and magnesium ions through methods such as ion exchange, reducing water hardness, extending the lifespan of systems, and improving water quality for pharmaceutical applications.
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)
SOPs (Standard Operating Procedures) provide precise instructions for operation, maintenance, sampling, and documentation in water treatment to ensure consistent, correct procedures and compliance with quality standards.
Storage and Distribution Systems
A storage and distribution system in water treatment stores purified water in tanks and distributes it via pipes and pumps to consumption points, with monitoring systems ensuring quality and reliability.
Thermal Disinfection
Thermal disinfection eliminates microorganisms through heating and is used in pharmaceutical water treatment, particularly in membrane-based systems, as a reliable method to ensure high hygiene standards.
Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) measures the amount of organic impurities in water. It is a key parameter in pharmaceutical water treatment, ensuring water purity and quality through oxidation and CO2 analysis.
Turbulence
Turbulence refers to a chaotic flow pattern in fluid mechanics, characterized by the Reynolds number. Values above 4000 indicate turbulent flow, which is marked by irregular vortices and mixing processes.
Ultrafiltration
Ultrafiltration is a water filtration process under pressure. Ultrafiltration membranes have pore sizes ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 µm and can retain viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms, as well as proteins and other macromolecules. Ultrafiltration provides an effective and efficient method for purifying and treating water, especially for applications where high purity and quality are required.
UV System
A UV system, also known as a UV disinfection system, is a water treatment system that uses ultraviolet (UV) light to kill or inactivate microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and other pathogenic organisms. UV disinfection is an effective method to sanitize water and make it safe for human consumption or other applications.
Validation
Validation is a crucial process that ensures the water treatment system and its associated processes and procedures meet the specified requirements and guarantee the desired quality of the produced water. It is a systematic approach to ensure that the system and processes can be properly designed, installed, operated, and monitored to provide high-quality water for pharmaceutical applications.
Water Treatment
The goal of water treatment is to purify water by removing impurities, pollutants, and microorganisms through processes such as filtration, disinfection, and distillation, in order to meet the required quality standards.
Water Quality
Water quality encompasses chemical, physical, and biological parameters that ensure the water meets the required standards for purity and safety, including the concentration of minerals, pH level, microorganisms, and other contaminants.
WFI (Water for Injection)
WFI (Water for Injection) is ultra-pure water used in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of sterile products such as injection and infusion solutions. It meets strict quality standards and regulatory requirements to ensure safety and purity.
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